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Since 用法
[英文] Since 用法以下轉自 cd(http://forum.chasedream.com)
since 的用法主要有兩點:一是表示“自從……以來”,二是表示“既然”之意。
但如果只瞭解詞的含義,而不瞭解其用法,在使用時就會造成錯誤。
例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai.
不少人會望文生義,將該句譯爲:“自從我住在上海以來,就再也沒有收到他的
信了。”而實際上這個句子的譯文幷非如此,那麼正確的含義是什麼呢?
下面談談 since 作連詞引導時間狀語從句的用法。
一、若 since 引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性的過去時,則從句表示的時間
是“從動作開始的那一時刻起”。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從他來到我們學校,他學習就非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left her.
自從他們離開這裏,我們就一直很想念他們。
這是最常見的一種用法,此處不再多述。
二、若 since 引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續性動詞或表示狀態的動詞的過去
時時,則從句表示的時間是“從那持續動作或狀態結束時算起”。如:
I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.
Sleep 爲持續性動詞,sleep 的動作結束時,即“醒來”時,
這句應譯爲“我醒後還未聽到任何聲音”。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he
was a teacher.
約翰現在和父母一起住在紐約,他不當教師已經三年了。
本文開始出現的那個句子就可以譯爲“自從我離開上海,就再也沒有收到他的
信。”這種譯法常被人們誤用,我們不妨再多舉幾個例子看看:
How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?
你離開(沒住在)上海多久了?
It is half a month since he was a League member.
他退團(不當團員)半個月了。
It’s been quite some time since I was last in London.
我離開倫敦已很長時間了。
比較:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
自從我病愈以來,他屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語爲狀態動詞)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.
自從我生病以來,他就屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語爲終止性動詞)
三、若 since 引導的狀語從句的謂語爲持續性動詞的現在完成時,則表示動作和
狀態延續到現在(說話時刻),其表示的時間的起點應從動作發生之時算起。
如:
I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。
這裏 has lived 表示動作的持續性,時間的起點應從:“開始居住”時算起。因此
此句可理解爲“自從他(開始)住在那兒起,我就一直沒收到他的來信”。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。
自從我們自己有了汽車,我們每年都去野營。
試比較:
1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.
自從我到這所學校,我們已換了三個校長了。
Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.
自從我離開這所學校,他們已換了三個校長了。
2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill.
自從我生病以來,他從未來看過我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill.
自從我病愈以來,他從未來看過我。
由此可見,since 引導的從句持續動詞的一般過去時和現在完成時所表示的意思
恰好相反。換言之,前者以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的邏輯內容,而後者的形
式與內容是一致的。
至於 It is +一段時間+since…的句型與 It has been +一段時間+since…意思相
同。前者是規範說法,後者是口語說法。
應注意的是,在這種結構中,since 引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表
示否定意義,下面兩句都錯了:
It is a long time since he didn’t study English.
It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.
正確的說法爲:
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學英語了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個月沒來看我了
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